In WELDING process, stresses after cooling, which remain in body, are called residual stresses. Sometimes, the magnitude of stresses is high AND reduces the strength of welded pieces, moreover, they cause crack in the weld. To predict WELDING residual stresses, it is necessary to do THERMAL AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS.In this paper, some parameters which influence the WELDING using ANSYS software are investigated. Results show that even by decreasing the travel speed of torch, it makes no differences in the amount of residual stresses, but preheating causes decreasing the produced stresses about 22 percentages. Suitable WELDING sequences also, decreases residual stresses up to 25 percentages.

Friction stir WELDING is a novel, economical AND high quality technique among aluminum WELDING AND joining methods. In this present paper, by introducing the friction stir WELDING the affecting parameters on THERMAL, micro structural AND MECHANICAL properties of 7000 series aluminum aerospace alloys joining using Friction Stir WELDING is investigated. Results show that the sizes of nugget grains are between 5 through 12 micrometer AND the least grain size constructed in nugget zone which the THERMAL effect is responsible for. By using THERMAL ANALYSIS AND experimental results, the amount of loosed energy during FSW process can be drawn. Furthermore the effect of process parameters on loosed energy can be investigated. In this work AND in the beginning AND during WELDING, the appropriate temperature near to the tool shoulder is 330 degrees centigrade which can be used as a norm for quality control of weld ability. Cylindrical tool with plain pine surface made a WELDING joint with strength up to 80 percent of base metal. WELDING quality is strongly affected by defects in joining zone which came from selecting non proper WELDING parameters.

Friction stir WELDING (FSW) can be defined as a green technology, because the consumption of energy during this process is less than other WELDING methods. In addition, during the process there is no gas, filler material or other consumables. It should be noted that, complex curved shapes are now commonly used in different industries in a bid to have lightweight structures. According to the above-mentioned descriptions, several investigations into the potential benefits of adopting Friction Stir WELDING (FSW) in the production AND joining different materials are being undertaken. The work presented in this paper is focused on THERMAL behavior of the curved FSW AND its benefits for the green technology. Due to the robust nature of FSW process aluminum 6061-T6 alloy has been selected as the WELDING material. The results of the study showed that, the total peak temperature value of 300° C happened at time, t = 3 s at the plunge stage (outside of the WELDING seam). Meanwhile, at the dwell stage (between t = 3 s to t = 5 s), there is a stable situation in the amount of the generated heat from the plastic deformation as well as the contact shear stress at the tool-workpiece contact interfaces, thus the interfacial temperature is found to be stable. By the end of the dwelling step, the total generated heat is stable to the maximum value of 300° C. At the step time of t = 12. 8 s, the temperature is distributed asymmetrically across the workpiece until the time step of 19. 6 s which at this point the asymmetric contour expANDed in the stir zone.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics AND values, as well as the rights AND dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees AND fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership AND cooperative social responsibility AND the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive AND correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management AND Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple rANDom sampling method. A stANDard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical ANALYSIS showed that ethical leadership has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative social responsibility AND ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect AND positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate AND align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction AND collaborative responsibility AND leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

Purpose: Food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research AND innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in food security AND examine its relationship with patents AND Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database AND GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, AND the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication AND citation of scientific outputs related to food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, AND food production index compared to Iran, Japan, AND South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population AND the number of papers, gross production AND the number of papers, food production AND the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents AND papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, AND food security. Greater emphasis on food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, AND innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, AND innovation positively impact food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, AND ultimately, ensuring food security in developing countries.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understANDing of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental AND normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision AND regulation determines how the market functions AND in order to understAND this difference one must understAND competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production AND industry or on a non-interventional AND regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements AND imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity AND clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran AND the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties AND currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran AND since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups AND downs AND it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization AND stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence AND division among political currents in recent decades, AND this can be one of the reasons for the instability AND cross-sectional AND seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors AND divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? AND what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer ANALYSIS, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview AND discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration AND consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the prediction of temperature distribution, effective plastic strain distribution, AND especially material flow in friction stir WELDING of copper plates.The DEFORM-3D software was used by incorporating a lagrangian incremental formulation. Three dimensional results of the material flow pattern which were extracted using the point tracking are in good agreement with the experiment. It was shown that the main part of material flow occurs near the top surface. Material near the top surface at the behind of tool stretches from retreating side towards advancing side which leads to non-symmetrical shape of the stir zone. The stir zone shape in FSW of copper alloys, which was predicted by simulation, does not lean completely towards any sides of WELDING line.

Searching for lightweight, economic, bio-degradable, recyclable AND eco-friendly material with high specific strength AND high specific modulus to reinforce polymer composites finds a viable AND potential solution in natural fiber. In the present work, zero cost plentifully accessible Coccinia grANDis stem fiber (CGSF) with high cellulose content, specific MECHANICAL properties AND salient surface features to ensure good bonding with the polymer matrix is comprehensively characterized for its physical, chemical, THERMAL, MECHANICAL, surface roughness AND microstructural properties. Initially, CGSF is qualified AND used as a reinforcement in the fabrication of composite with polyester resin (CGSFC). The critical length of fiber AND the best percentage addition of fiber reinforcement were determined based on MECHANICAL testing, which were found to be 40 mm AND 40% (wt), respectively. MECHANICAL properties increased with amount of fiber up to 40% (wt), where fiber pullout, debonding AND matrix failure occurred systematically to provide maximum load transfer capability to the composite. THERMAL ANALYSIS of the fiber confirmed its THERMAL stability till 250 °, C, which is sufficient for any polymeric material. Tensile strength of about 50 MPa, better flexural strength, sufficient energy absorption capacity AND hardness affirm the CGSF composite as an alternative structural material for various engineering applications.

Dimensional accuracy in machined parts depends on the precision of spindle, which is highly affected by applied forces, itself. This precision of spindle becomes more serious when it is used for a period of long times. Therefore, stress AND strain ANALYSIS of spindle is very important in the behavior AND preservation of its precision. In this paper, the forces applied to the spindle of a turning machine are calculated AND analyzed. Afterwards, the spindle is simulated with MSc Visual Nastran software AND analyzed due to the application of boundary conditions. According to the spindle's stress AND strain, the modal ANALYSIS has been done AND the natural frequencies of the spindle are determined. The results show that, the front  bearing of the spindle is the critical section AND its stress AND strain will be increased with feed AND depth of cut. When these feed rates AND depths of cut become less, the created stresses at the least speed of spindle are more in comparison with the other speeds.